Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic-depressive illness, is a serious mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These mood shifts can significantly affect a person’s energy levels, behavior, judgment, and ability to carry out daily tasks. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but with proper treatment and management, individuals can lead fulfilling lives.
There are several types of bipolar disorder. Bipolar I disorder involves episodes of severe mania lasting at least seven days, often followed by depressive episodes. Bipolar II disorder features a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, which are less severe than full-blown mania. Cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia, includes periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms that last for two years or more.
Common symptoms of mania include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, rapid speech, racing thoughts, impulsive behavior, and increased goal-directed activity. During depressive episodes, individuals may experience feelings of sadness, hopelessness, fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide.
Effective treatment for bipolar disorder usually involves a combination of medication—such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or antidepressants—and psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychoeducation. Lifestyle changes, regular routines, and strong support systems can also help manage symptoms.
Early diagnosis and continuous treatment are key to managing bipolar disorder. If you or someone you know exhibits signs of bipolar disorder, consulting a mental health professional is essential. With proper care, individuals with bipolar disorder can achieve mood stability and enjoy a high quality of life.
