Mpox (Monkeypox): How Serious and Dangerous Is It?

Mpox, also known as Monkeypox, is an infectious disease caused by the Monkeypox virus, part of the Orthopoxvirus genus. First discovered in 1958 in monkeys (hence the name), it was later identified in humans in 1970. While the disease has primarily affected central and western African countries, it has gained global attention due to recent outbreaks in non-endemic regions. This article explores how serious and contagious Mpox is, its symptoms, causes, treatments, and how to avoid it, while examining which countries are most at risk.

How Serious and Dangerous Is Mpox?

Mpox can be serious, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems. While it is generally less severe than smallpox, it can still lead to significant health complications and even death in some cases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the fatality rate for Mpox varies between 1% and 10%, depending on the strain of the virus and the individual’s health status. The Central African strain is considered more dangerous than the West African strain.

The seriousness of Mpox lies in its potential to cause complications such as secondary bacterial infections, respiratory distress, eye problems, and sepsis. The virus can also cause lasting scars on the skin, especially in severe cases.

Is Mpox Deadly?

Mpox can be deadly, but the risk of death depends on several factors, including the virus strain, access to medical care, and the individual’s health condition. In Central Africa, where healthcare access is limited, and the more virulent strain is prevalent, the fatality rate can reach up to 10%. In contrast, in the 2022 global outbreak, which involved the milder West African strain, the fatality rate has been relatively low, with most cases resolving with supportive care.

Mpox Statistics

• Global Outbreaks: In the 2022 global outbreak, more than 85,000 cases were reported across 110 countries as of December 2022.
• Fatality Rate: During the 2022 outbreak, the fatality rate was below 1% in non-endemic countries, where the West African strain was predominant.
• Africa: In Africa, Mpox remains more severe, with ongoing cases and higher mortality rates, especially in Central African regions. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) reported over 1,200 cases in 2021 alone, with a higher mortality rate of around 3-10%.

How Contagious Is Mpox?

Mpox is moderately contagious and spreads primarily through close contact with an infected person or animal. The virus can be transmitted via:

• Direct Contact: Skin-to-skin contact with lesions, body fluids, or scabs from an infected person.
• Respiratory Droplets: Prolonged face-to-face contact can result in transmission through respiratory droplets.
• Contaminated Objects: Contact with contaminated items such as bedding, clothing, or utensils used by an infected person can lead to infection.
• Animal Contact: The virus can also be contracted through bites, scratches, or handling of infected animals (especially rodents and primates).

Mpox does not spread as easily as some other viral diseases like COVID-19 or influenza. However, its transmission can increase in situations where close physical contact is common, such as in households or healthcare settings.

Symptoms of Mpox

Mpox symptoms typically appear 5 to 21 days after exposure to the virus and can last for 2 to 4 weeks. The disease progresses through two phases:

1. Prodromal Stage (Early Symptoms)

• Fever: One of the first signs of infection.
• Headache: Persistent headaches can accompany the fever.
• Muscle Aches and Backache: General body discomfort is common.
• Swollen Lymph Nodes: This is a key symptom that differentiates Mpox from smallpox.
• Chills and Fatigue: General malaise and tiredness are typical during this stage.

2. Rash Stage

• Rash: A distinctive rash appears, usually starting on the face and spreading to other parts of the body, including the palms, soles, and mucous membranes.
• Lesions: The rash progresses from macules (flat lesions) to papules (raised lesions), vesicles (fluid-filled), pustules (pus-filled), and finally scabs.
• Painful Lesions: The lesions can be painful and leave scars once healed.

How to Avoid Mpox

Preventing Mpox involves several precautionary measures, particularly in areas where the virus is circulating or during outbreaks:

• Avoid Contact with Infected Individuals: Avoid direct physical contact with individuals showing symptoms, especially those with rashes or lesions.
• Practice Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water, or use hand sanitizers, especially after contact with potentially contaminated items.
• Avoid Contact with Wild Animals: Avoid handling or coming into contact with animals, especially rodents and primates, in areas where Mpox is endemic.
• Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Healthcare workers and caregivers should use appropriate PPE when caring for patients with Mpox.
• Isolate Infected Individuals: Quarantine and isolation of infected individuals can help prevent the spread of the virus.
• Mpox Vaccination: Smallpox vaccines have shown to be about 85% effective in preventing Mpox. In some countries, vaccination is recommended for individuals at high risk, such as healthcare workers and laboratory personnel.

Causes of Mpox

Mpox is caused by the Monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The primary reservoir for the virus is believed to be rodents, particularly in forested areas of Central and West Africa. The virus can be transmitted from animals to humans through bites, scratches, or direct contact with bodily fluids or lesions from an infected animal. Human-to-human transmission occurs through close contact with an infected person or contaminated objects.

Treatments for Mpox

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Mpox. However, supportive care is provided to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. Treatments include:

• Antiviral Medications: Tecovirimat (TPOXX) is an antiviral approved for the treatment of smallpox and may be used for Mpox in some cases.
• Pain Relief and Fever Management: Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help manage fever and pain.
• Hydration and Nutritional Support: Ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition is crucial for recovery.
• Wound Care: Proper care of skin lesions is essential to prevent secondary infections.

In severe cases, hospitalization may be required, especially for individuals with weakened immune systems or complications.

Countries Involved and Most at Risk

Endemic Regions

Mpox is endemic in parts of Central and West Africa, including countries like:

• Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
• Nigeria
• Cameroon
• Central African Republic
• Gabon

In these regions, the virus is transmitted primarily through contact with infected wildlife.

Recent Outbreaks in Non-Endemic Regions

Since 2022, there have been significant outbreaks of Mpox in non-endemic regions, including:

• United States: Mpox cases surged during the 2022 outbreak, primarily among communities with close physical contact.
• United Kingdom: The UK experienced a notable rise in cases, leading to public health measures to contain the spread.
• Spain and Portugal: These European countries saw clusters of cases, primarily linked to close contact during social events.
• Brazil: Brazil reported a high number of Mpox cases, becoming one of the most affected countries outside of Africa.

The recent outbreaks have raised concerns about the global spread of Mpox, particularly in areas with less experience managing the virus.

Conclusion

Mpox is a serious and potentially dangerous infectious disease, especially in vulnerable populations. While it is moderately contagious and can cause significant symptoms, taking appropriate precautions such as avoiding contact with infected individuals, practicing good hygiene, and considering vaccination can reduce the risk of transmission. The recent global spread of Mpox underscores the need for vigilance, early detection, and effective containment measures. Public awareness and prompt medical care remain critical in mitigating the impact of Mpox worldwide.