Laryngeal cancer is a malignancy that arises in the tissues of the larynx, commonly known as the voice box. The larynx is a vital structure located in the throat, playing a crucial role in breathing, speaking, and protecting the airway during swallowing. This type of cancer is categorized based on the specific region of the larynx affected: the glottis (where the vocal cords are located), the supraglottis (above the vocal cords), and the subglottis (below the vocal cords).
Several risk factors are associated with the development of laryngeal cancer. The predominant risk factor is tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, as well as the use of smokeless tobacco products. Excessive alcohol consumption further elevates the risk, and the combination of smoking and heavy drinking significantly amplifies this danger. Additional risk factors include exposure to certain workplace chemicals, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV).
Common symptoms of laryngeal cancer include persistent hoarseness or voice changes, a sore throat that does not resolve, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and the presence of a lump in the neck. Early detection is crucial, as these symptoms can also be indicative of less serious conditions. Therefore, individuals experiencing these signs for more than two weeks should seek medical evaluation.
Diagnosis typically involves a thorough physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and direct visualization of the larynx using laryngoscopy. A biopsy is performed to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options depend on the cancer’s stage and location and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination thereof. Advancements in treatment have improved survival rates, especially when the disease is detected early.
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