Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease where bones become porous, brittle, and prone to fractures, even from minor falls or bumps. It often develops silently, with no symptoms until a fracture occurs.
✔ Age: Over 50 (especially postmenopausal women).
✔ Gender: Women lose bone faster after menopause due to estrogen decline.
✔ Family History: Genetic predisposition.
✔ Lifestyle: Low calcium/vitamin D, smoking, excessive alcohol, and sedentary habits.
Long-term steroid use
Thyroid disorders
Rheumatoid arthritis
Bone Density Scan (DEXA): Measures bone mineral density (T-score ≤ -2.5 indicates osteoporosis).
FRAX Tool: Predicts 10-year fracture risk.
| Drug Class | Examples | How They Work |
|---|---|---|
| Bisphosphonates | Alendronate, Zoledronic acid | Slow bone breakdown |
| RANK Ligand Inhibitor | Denosumab (Prolia) | Blocks bone loss |
| SERMs | Raloxifene | Mimics estrogen to protect bones |
| Anabolics | Teriparatide | Stimulates new bone growth |
Calcium: 1,000–1,200 mg/day (diet + supplements).
Vitamin D: 800–1,000 IU/day (aids calcium absorption).
Exercise: Weight-bearing (walking, dancing) + resistance training.
Diet: Rich in dairy, leafy greens, fish.
Avoid: Smoking, >2 alcoholic drinks/day.
Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty: Stabilizes spinal fractures.
Hip Repair: For severe fractures.
Fall Prevention: Remove home hazards, use grab bars.
Posture Awareness: Avoid bending/lifting heavy objects.
Regular Monitoring: Repeat DEXA scans every 1–2 years.
New Drugs: Romosozumab (builds bone and reduces breakdown).
Precision Medicine: Genetic testing for personalized plans.
❌ Myth: “Osteoporosis only affects women.”
✅ Fact: 1 in 5 men over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture.
❌ Myth: “If I take meds, I don’t need exercise.”
✅ Fact: Meds + lifestyle = best results.
Unexplained back pain (possible spinal fracture).
Loss of height or stooped posture.
Family history + risk factors.
Dr. Mahmoud Jafarbegloo is a distinguished orthopedic surgeon in Tehran specializing in bone and joint surgery, with particular expertise in musculoskeletal tumor surgery and complex joint replacements. […]