
Dr. Koosha Kamali is a distinguished urologist based in Tehran, Iran, affiliated with Hashemi Nejad Hospital, one of the leading centers for kidney […]
Nephrology is the medical specialty focused on kidney health, covering the diagnosis, treatment, and management of kidney diseases and related conditions. Nephrologists are experts in preserving kidney function and addressing complications from kidney disorders.
Progressive loss of kidney function over time.
Stages 1–5 (based on glomerular filtration rate, GFR).
Leading causes: Diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis.
Sudden kidney failure (due to dehydration, infection, toxins).
Reversible with prompt treatment.
Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of kidney filters (autoimmune/infectious causes).
Nephrotic Syndrome: Excessive protein leakage into urine.
Imbalances in sodium, potassium, calcium, or pH levels.
Renovascular hypertension (narrowed kidney arteries).
✔ Blood Tests: Serum creatinine, BUN, eGFR (assess kidney function).
✔ Urine Tests: Protein, blood, or abnormal cells (detects damage).
✔ Imaging: Ultrasound, CT, MRI (evaluates kidney structure).
✔ Kidney Biopsy: Examines tissue for disease patterns.
ACE Inhibitors/ARBs: Protect kidneys in diabetes/hypertension.
Diuretics: Manage fluid overload.
Immunosuppressants: For autoimmune kidney diseases.
Low-sodium, low-protein diet (reduces kidney workload).
Fluid restriction (for advanced CKD).
Blood pressure/blood sugar control.
Dialysis:
Hemodialysis: Machine filters blood (3–4 times/week).
Peritoneal Dialysis: Uses abdominal lining for filtration (daily).
Kidney Transplant: Preferred for end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
GFR < 60 or persistent protein in urine.
Recurrent kidney stones or unexplained electrolyte imbalances.
Uncontrolled hypertension despite medications.
✅ Regular check-ups if diabetic/hypertensive.
✅ Hydration (avoid nephrotoxins like NSAIDs).
✅ Vaccinations (e.g., hepatitis B for dialysis patients).
Artificial Kidney Development (wearable/implantable devices).
Genetic Testing for inherited kidney diseases (e.g., PKD).
Telemedicine for remote CKD monitoring.
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